ACAZULCO OTOMI

Facts
Sources of the data
Orthography
Verbal inflection
Inflectional classes
Stem alternation patterns

Facts

Otomi is a small language family within Oto-Manguean and Acazulco Otomi is an Otomi language spoken by about 400 middle-aged and ederly people in the village of San Jerónimo Acazulco in the State of México, around 35 kms from the historical centre of Mexico City.

Sources of the data

Data courtesy of Néstor Hernández Green.

Hernández-Green, Néstor. 2015. Morfosintaxis del otomí de Acazulco. Unpublished PhD Dissertation for the degree of Doctor in Indoamerican Linguistics, CIESAS, Mexico.

Hernández-Green, Néstor (ed.). 2014. Gramática del yühü (otomí de San Jerónimo Acazulco). CDI – Organización Civil Ndöngü.

Hernández-Green, Néstor. Forthcoming. Inflectional verb classes in Acazulco Otomi, in Enrique L. Palancar, Matthew. Baerman & Timothy Feist (eds.), Inflection and complexity: The conjugation classes of the Oto-Manguean languages of Mexico.

Orthography

IPA notation	Source notation
NASALITY	¨ (diaeresis)
ɨ	ụ (dot below)
ɘ	ọ (dot below)
ɛ	ẹ (dot below)
ɔ	ạ
EJECTIVE	’
ʃ	x
tʃ	tx
j	y

Tones

We have changed the tone marking of lexical stems from diacritics to superscript numerals for clarity and to aid with future analysis. However, since tone on clitics is lexical (and thus invariable) we have left tone marking on clitics untouched.

		Stems		Clitics
Low	1	ʔạ¹t’i	‘scrap agave’	–	gra	2.INCPL.IRR
High	2	ʔạ²t’i	‘extract liquid’	´	grá	2.INCPL.REAL
Low-High	12	ʔë¹²hë	‘come’

Verbal inflection

Like a typical Otomi language, verbs in Acazulco Otomi inflect for TAM values and for person of the subject by means of a series of clitic words that precede the verbal stem. The example paradigm of the verb nü¹ ‘see’ includes three aspects (incompletive, habitual and completive) organized into two moods (realis and irrealis).

Note: For practical purposes, in the database we treat such formatives as if they functioned like affixes.

nü¹ ‘see’		1st		2nd		3rd
Realis	Incompletive	drá	nü¹=ga	grá	nü¹	ra	nü¹
	Habitual	dádí	nü¹=ga	gádí	nü²	an	nü²
	Completive	dí	nü¹=ga	gí	nü²	bi	nü¹
Irrealis	Incompletive	gra	nü¹=ga	gra	nü¹	dra	nü¹
	Habitual	gadi	nü¹=ga	gadi	nü²	dan	nü²
	Completive	gu	nü¹=ga	gi	nü¹	da	nü¹

Note the following four facts about the information in the table:

A verb inflected in the 1st person in Acazulco Otomi almost always receives the 1st person enclitic =ga/=ka. In other persons, the person clitic is not obligatory. The presence of this clitic serves to disambiguate the subject in forms where the TAM clitic is the same for both 1st and 2nd person.
Shaded cells indicate a change of tone affecting the first mora of the stem (i.e. the root). Stems receive L tone as a default. Only when the verb (a) has the antipassive suffix te; (b) is a VN compound; (c) has the enclitics =’mbé ‘PL’, delimative =thoho ‘just’, or counterfactual =möhö; or (d) occurs in its free form without further suffixation, does the stem receive H tone.
There is another subparadigm called ‘prospective’ by Hernández-Green which refers to a state of affairs which is about to happen.
There are two other paradigms which Hernández-Green calls “deictic" and "adjunct registration", with a number of subparadigms each, organized into completive vs. incompletive aspects. The deictic paradigm conveys spatial or motive information about the subject while carrying out the action. The adjunct registration is used when an adverbial is in focus. The adverbial in question may express locative, instrumental, manner, or other semantic notions.

The table below shows the ditribution of inflected forms.

		BASIC	DEICTIC			ADJUNCT REGISTRATION
			EXLOC	CISLOC	TRANSLOC	MANN	ADV	LOC
Realis	CPL	Y	Y		Y	Y	Y
	INCPL	Y		Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
	HAB	Y
	PROSP	Y
Irrealis	CPL	Y	Y		Y	Y	Y
	INCPL	Y		Y	Y
	HAB	Y

A complete paradigm of the verb nü¹ ‘see’ follows:


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dí	nü¹=ga	dú	nü¹=ga			dín	nü¹=ga	dá	nü²=ga	dá	nü²=ga
gí	nü²	gú	nü¹			gín	nü¹	gí	nü²	gí	nü²
bi	nü¹	bú	nü¹			ín	nü¹	í	nü¹	gá	nü¹
drá	nü¹=ga			dádí	nü¹=ga	dár	nü¹=ga	drá	nü²=ga	dra	nü²=ga	dí	nü¹=ga
grá	nü¹			gwádí	nü²	gár	nü¹	grí	nü²	grụ	nü²	gí	nü¹
ra	nü¹			ba	nü¹	ar	nü¹	rí	nü¹	ga	nü¹	bí	nü¹
dádí	nü¹=ga
gádí	nü²
an	nü²
xtá	nü¹=ga
xtágí	nü²
xta	nü¹
gụ	nü¹=ga	gu	nü¹=ga			gín	nü¹=ga	dá	nü²=ga	dá	nü²=ga
gi	nü¹	gu	nü¹			gín	nü¹	dí	nü²	dí	nü²
da	nü¹	du	nü¹			dín	nü¹	dí	nü¹	ká	nü¹
gra	nü¹=ga			gwadi	nü¹=ga	gar	nü¹=ga
gra	nü¹			gwadi	nü¹	gar	nü¹
dra	nü¹			da	nü¹	dar	nü¹
gadi	nü¹=ga
gadi	nü²
dan	nü²

Inflectional classes

Following Hernández-Green, verbs in Acazulco Otomi fall into four inflectional classes. Transitive verb nü¹ ‘see’ belongs to Class I. There is another paradigm for intransitive verbs given as follows with the verb mï¹ ‘sit’ (NB. the clitic =a is a phrase final marker which is commonly used with verbs of this type).


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dí	mï¹h=ka	dú	mï¹h=ka			dín	mï¹h=ka	dá	mï²h=ka	dá	mï²h=ka
gí	mï¹h=a	gú	mï¹h=a			gín	mï¹h=a	gí	mï²h=a	gí	mï²h=a
bi	mï¹h=a	bú	mï¹h=a			ín	mï¹h=a	í	mï¹h=a	gá	mï¹h=a
drá	mï¹h=ka			dá	mï¹h=ka	dár	mï²h=ka	drá	mï²h=ka	dra	mï²h=ka	dí	mï²h=ka
grá	mï¹h=a			gwá	mï¹h=a	gár	mï²h=a	grí	mï²h=a	grụ	mï²h=a	gí	mï²h=a
ra	mï¹h=a			ba	mï¹h=a	ar	mï²h=a	rí	mï¹h=a	ga	mï¹h=a	bí	mï²h=a
dán	mï²h=ka
gán	mï²h=a
an	mï²h=a
xtá	mï¹h=ka
xtágí	mï¹h=a
xta	mï¹h=a
gụ	mï¹h=ka	gu	mï¹h=ka			gín	mï¹h=ka	dá	mï²h=ka	dá	mï²h=ka
gi	mï¹h=a	gu	mï¹h=a			gín	mï¹h=a	dí	mï²h=a	dí	mï²h=a
da	mï¹h=a	du	mï¹h=a			dín	mï¹h=a	dí	mï¹h=a	ká	mï¹h=a
gra	mï¹h=ka			gwa	mï¹h=ka	gar	mï²h=ka
gra	mï¹h=a			gwa	mï¹h=a	gar	mï²h=a
dra	mï¹h=a			da	mï¹h=a	dar	mï²h=a
gan	mï²h=ka
gan	mï²h=a
dan	mï²h=a

Class II verbs: The members of this class are all intransitive. The paradigm of this class bears a strong resemblance to the intransitive paradigm of Class I.


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dídí	’ö¹h=ka	dú	’ö¹h=ka			dín	’ö¹h=ka	dádí	’ö¹h=ka	dádí	’ö¹h=ka
gídí	’ö¹h=a	gú	’ö¹h=a			gín	’ö¹h=a	gádí	’ö¹h=a	gádí	’ö¹h=a
bi	’ö¹h=a	bú	’ö¹h=a			ín	’ö¹h=a	á	’ö¹h=a	gá	’ö¹h=a
drá	’ö¹h=ka			dá	’ö¹h=ka	dár	’ö²h=ka	drádí	’ö¹h=ka	dradi	’ö¹h=ka	dí	’ö²h=ka
grá	’ö¹h=a			gwá	’ö¹h=a	gár	’ö²h=a	grádí	’ö¹h=a	gradi	’ö¹h=a	gí	’ö²h=a
ra	’ö¹h=a			ba	’ö¹h=a	ar	’ö²h=a	rá	’ö¹h=a	ga	’ö¹h=a	bí	’ö²h=a
dán	’ö²h=ka
gán	’ö²h=a
an	’ö²h=a
xtá	’ö¹h=ka
xtágí	’ö¹h=a
xtagi	’ö¹h=a
gidi	’ö¹h=ka	gu	’ö¹h=ka			gín	’ö¹h=ka	dádí	’ö¹h=ka	dádí	’ö¹h=ka
gidi	’ö¹h=a	gu	’ö¹h=a			gín	’ö¹h=a	dádí	’ö¹h=a	dádí	’ö¹h=a
di	’ö¹h=a	du	’ö¹h=a			dín	’ö¹h=a	dá	’ö¹h=a	ká	’ö¹h=a
gra	’ö¹h=ka			gwa	’ö¹h=ka	gar	’ö²h=ka
gra	’ö¹h=a			gwa	’ö¹h=a	gar	’ö²h=a
dra	’ö¹h=a			da	’ö¹h=a	dar	’ö²h=a
gan	’ö²h=ka
gan	’ö²h=a
dan	’ö²h=a

Class III verbs


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dí	pẹ²h=ka	dí	pẹ²h=ka			dín	pẹ²h=ka	dá	pẹ²h=ka	dá	pẹ²h=ka
gí	pẹ²h=a	gwí	pẹ²h=a			gín	pẹ²h=a	gí	pẹ²h=a	gí	pẹ²h=a
bi	pẹ²h=a	bí	pẹ²h=a			ín	pẹ²h=a	í	pẹ²h=a	gí	pẹ²h=a
drádí	pẹ²h=ka			dádí	pẹ²h=ka	dárdí	pẹ²h=ka	drá	pẹ²h=ka	dra	pẹ²h=ka	dídí	pẹ²h=ka
grádí	pẹ²h=a			gwádí	pẹ²h=a	gárdí	pẹ²h=a	grí	pẹ²h=a	grụ	pẹ²h=a	gídí	pẹ²h=a
radi	pẹ²h=a			badi	pẹ²h=a	ardi	pẹ²h=a	rí	pẹ²h=a	gi	pẹ²h=a	bídí	pẹ²h=a
dádí	pẹ²h=ka
gádí	pẹ²h=a
adi	pẹ²h=a
xtá	pẹ²h=ka
xtágí	pẹ²h=a
xtagi	pẹ²h=a
gidi	pẹ²h=ka	gwí	pẹ²h=ka			gín	pẹ²h=ka	dá	pẹ²h=ka	dá	pẹ²h=ka
gidi	pẹ²h=a	gwí	pẹ²h=a			gín	pẹ²h=a	dí	pẹ²h=a	dí	pẹ²h=a
di	pẹ²h=a	dí	pẹ²h=a			dín	pẹ²h=a	dí	pẹ²h=a	kí	pẹ²h=a
gradi	pẹ²h=ka			gwadi	pẹ²h=ka	gardi	pẹ²h=ka
gradi	pẹ²h=a			gwadi	pẹ²h=a	gardi	pẹ²h=a
dradi	pẹ²h=a			dadi	pẹ²h=a	dardi	pẹ²h=a
gadi	pẹ²h=ka
gadi	pẹ²h=a
dadi	pẹ²h=a

Class IV verbs: The members of this class are all inchoative patientive intransitive verbs (i.e. denoting a change of state affecting the subject). Patientive marking is achieved by person suffixes: 1st person -gi and 2nd person -k’i; (3rd person is zero).


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
bidi	tï²n-gi=ga	bídí	tï²n-gi=ga				?	ídí	tï²n-gi=ga	gádí	tï²n-gi=ga
bidi	tï²n-k’i	bídí	tï²n-k’i				?	ídí	tï²n-k’i	gádí	tï²n-k’i
bidi	tï²	bídí	tï²				?	ídí	tï²	gádí	tï²
radi	tï²n-gi=ga			badi	tï²n-gi=ga	ardi	tï²n-gi=ga	rídí	tï²n-gi=ga	gadi	tï²n-gi=ga	bídí	tï²n-gi=ga
radi	tï²n-k’i			badi	tï²n-k’i	ardi	tï²n-k’i	rídí	tï²n-k’i	gadi	tï²n-k’i	bídí	tï²n-k’i
radi	tï²			badi	tï²	ardi	tï²	rídí	tï²	gadi	tï²	bídí	tï²
adi	tï²n-gi=ga
adi	tï²n-k’i
adi	tï²
xtagi	tï²n-gi=ga
xtagi	tï²n-k’i
xtagi	tï²
didi	tï²n-gi=ga	dídí	tï²n-gi=ga				?	dídí	tï²n-gi=ga	kádí	tï²n-gi=ga
didi	tï²n-k’i	dídí	tï²n-k’i				?	dídí	tï²n-k’i	kádí	tï²n-k’i
didi	tï²	dídí	tï²				?	dídí	tï²	kádí	tï²
dradi	tï²n-gi=ga			dadi	tï²n-gi=ga	dardi	tï²n-gi=ga
dradi	tï²n-k’i			dadi	tï²n-k’i	dardi	tï²n-k’i
dradi	tï²			dadi	tï²	dardi	tï²
dadi	tï²n-gi=ga
dadi	tï²n-k’i
dadi	tï²

Stem alternation patterns

Verbs of Class I and some verbs of Class II also display stem alternation patterns which are independent of tonal changes.

Verbs of Class I have three stems: the lexical, or default stem, and two others that Hernández-Green treats as the ‘lenis’ and ‘nasal’ stems. Most verbs having the following onsets have such stems, but there are some which only have a nasal stem. The database indicates which stems each verb has.

Default	Lenis	Nasal
p, ph	b	mb
t, th	d	nd
ts	z	nz
tx	ž	nž
k, kh	g	ng
khw	gw	ngw

Transitive verbs of Class I with three stems display the following distribution.


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dí	tsi¹²=ga	dú	tsi¹²=ga			dín	tsi¹²=ga	dá	tsi¹=ga	dá	tsi¹=ga
gí	tsi¹	gú	tsi¹²			gín	tsi¹	gí	tsi¹	gí	tsi¹
bi	zi¹²	bú	tsi¹²			ín	zi¹²	í	zi¹²	gá	nzi¹²
drá	tsi¹²=ga			dádí	tsi¹²=ga	dár	tsi¹²=ga	drá	tsi¹=ga	dra	tsi¹=ga	dí	tsi¹²=ga
grá	tsi¹²			gwádí	tsi¹	gár	tsi¹²	grí	tsi¹	grụ	tsi¹	gí	tsi¹²
ra	tsi¹²			ba	zi¹²	ar	tsi¹²	rí	zi¹²	ga	nzi¹²	bí	tsi¹²
dádí	tsi¹²=ga
gádí	tsi¹
an	zi²
xtá	tsi¹²=ga
xtágí	tsi¹
xta	zi¹²
gụ	tsi¹²=ga	gu	tsi¹²=ga			gín	tsi¹²=ga	dá	tsi¹=ga	dá	tsi¹=ga
gi	tsi¹²	gu	tsi¹²			gín	tsi¹	dí	tsi¹	dí	tsi¹
da	zi¹²	du	tsi¹²			dín	zi¹²	dí	zi¹²	ká	nzi¹²
gra	tsi¹²=ga			gwadi	tsi¹²=ga	gar	tsi¹²=ga
gra	tsi¹²			gwadi	tsi¹	gar	tsi¹²
dra	tsi¹²			da	zi¹²	dar	tsi¹²
gadi	tsi¹²=ga
gadi	tsi¹
dan	zi²

Intransitive verbs of Class I with three stems display the following distribution.


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dí	kö¹²h=ka	dú	kö¹²h=ka			dín	kö¹²h=ka	dá	kö²h=ka	dá	kö²h=ka
gí	kö¹²h=a	gú	kö¹²h=a			gín	kö¹²h=a	gí	kö²h=a	gí	kö²h=a
bi	gö¹²h=a	bú	kö¹²h=a			ín	kö¹²h=a	í	gö¹²h=a	gá	ngö¹²h=a
drá	kö¹²h=ka			dá	kö¹²h=ka	dár	kö²h=ka	drá	kö²h=ka	dra	kö²h=ka	dí	kö²h=ka
grá	kö¹²h=a			gwá	kö¹²h=a	gár	kö²h=a	grí	kö²h=a	grụ	kö²h=a	gí	kö²h=a
ra	kö¹²h=a			ba	kö¹²h=a	ar	kö²h=a	rí	gö¹²h=a	ga	ngö¹²h=a	bí	kö²h=a
dán	kö²h=ka
gán	kö²h=a
an	kö²h=a
xtá	kö¹²h=ka
xtágí	kö¹²h=a
xta	gö¹²h=a
gụ	kö¹²h=ka	gu	kö¹²h=ka			gín	kö¹²h=ka	dá	kö²h=ka	dá	kö²h=ka
gi	kö¹²h=a	gu	kö¹²h=a			gín	kö¹²h=a	dí	kö²h=a	dí	kö²h=a
da	gö¹²h=a	du	kö¹²h=a			dín	kö¹²h=a	dí	gö¹²h=a	ká	ngö¹²h=a
gra	kö¹²h=ka			gwa	kö¹²h=ka	gar	kö²h=ka
gra	kö¹²h=a			gwa	kö¹²h=a	gar	kö²h=a
dra	kö¹²h=a			da	kö¹²h=a	dar	kö²h=a
gan	kö²h=ka
gan	kö²h=a
dan	kö²h=a

But some transitive verbs have a nasal stem instead of a lenis one:


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dí	pạ¹²=ga	dú	pạ¹²=ga			dín	pạ¹²=ga	dá	pạ²=ga	dá	pạ²=ga
gí	pạ²	gú	pạ¹²			gín	pạ²	gí	pạ²	gí	pạ²
bi	mbạ¹²	bú	pạ¹²			ín	mbạ¹²	í	mbạ¹²	gá	mbạ²
drá	pạ¹²=ga			dádí	pạ¹²=ga	dár	pạ¹²=ga	drá	pạ²=ga	dra	pạ²=ga	dí	pạ¹²=ga
grá	pạ¹²			gwádí	pạ²	gár	pạ¹²	grí	pạ²	grụ	pạ²	gí	pạ¹²
ra	pạ¹²			ba	mbạ¹²	ar	pạ¹²	rí	mbạ¹²	ga	mbạ²	bí	pạ¹²
dádí	pạ¹²=ga
gádí	pạ²
an	mbạ²
xtá	pạ¹²=ga
xtágí	pạ²
xta	mbạ¹²
gụ	pạ¹²=ga	gu	pạ¹²=ga			gín	pạ¹²=ga	dá	pạ²=ga	dá	pạ²=ga
gi	pạ¹²	gu	pạ¹²			gín	pạ²	dí	pạ²	dí	pạ²
da	mbạ¹²	du	pạ¹²			dín	mbạ¹²	dí	mbạ¹²	ká	mbạ²
gra	pạ¹²=ga			gwadi	pạ¹²=ga	gar	pạ¹²=ga
gra	pạ¹²			gwadi	pạ²	gar	pạ¹²
dra	pạ¹²			da	mbạ¹²	dar	pạ¹²
gadi	pạ¹²=ga
gadi	pạ²
dan	mbạ²

And some intransitive verbs have a nasal stem instead of a lenis one:


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dí	phụ²h=ka	dú	phụ²h=ka			dín	phụ²h=ka	dá	phụ²h=ka	dá	phụ²h=ka
gí	phụ²h=a	gú	phụ²h=a			gín	phụ²h=a	gí	phụ²h=a	gí	phụ²h=a
bi	mbụ²h=a	bú	phụ²h=a			ín	phụ²h=a	í	mbụ²h=a	gá	mbụ²h=a
drá	phụ²h=ka			dá	phụ²h=ka	dár	phụ²h=ka	drá	phụ²h=ka	dra	phụ²h=ka	dí	phụ²h=ka
grá	phụ²h=a			gwá	phụ²h=a	gár	phụ²h=a	grí	phụ²h=a	grụ	phụ²h=a	gí	phụ²h=a
ra	phụ²h=a			ba	phụ²h=a	ar	phụ²h=a	rí	mbụ²h=a	ga	mbụ²h=a	bí	phụ²h=a
dán	phụ²h=ka
gán	phụ²h=a
an	phụ²h=a
xtá	phụ²h=ka
xtágí	phụ²h=a
xta	mbụ²h=a
gụ	phụ²h=ka	gu	phụ²h=ka			gín	phụ²h=ka	dá	phụ²h=ka	dá	phụ²h=ka
gi	phụ²h=a	gu	phụ²h=a			gín	phụ²h=a	dí	phụ²h=a	dí	phụ²h=a
da	mbụ²h=a	du	phụ²h=a			dín	phụ²h=a	dí	mbụ²h=a	ká	mbụ²h=a
gra	phụ²h=ka			gwa	phụ²h=ka	gar	phụ²h=ka
gra	phụ²h=a			gwa	phụ²h=a	gar	phụ²h=a
dra	phụ²h=a			da	phụ²h=a	dar	phụ²h=a
gan	phụ²h=ka
gan	phụ²h=a
dan	phụ²h=a

However, verbs with a glottal onset only have a palatal stem in the stem zone covered by both lenis and nasal stems, and also in the cells of the 2nd person:


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dí	’ë¹²h=ka	dú	’ë¹²h=ka			dín	’ë¹²h=ka	dá	’ë²h=ka	dá	’ë²h=ka
gí	’yë²h=a	gú	’ë¹²h=a			gín	’yë²h=a	gí	’yë²h=a	gí	’yë²h=a
bi	’yë¹²h=a	bú	’ë¹²h=a			ín	’yë¹²h=a	í	’yë¹²h=a	gá	’yë¹²h=a
drá	’ë¹²h=ka			dádí	’ë¹²h=ka	dár	’ë¹²h=ka	drá	’ë²h=ka	dra	’ë²h=ka	dí	’ë¹²h=ka
grá	’ë¹²h=a			gwádí	’yë²h=a	gár	’ë¹²h=a	grí	’yë²h=a	grụ	’yë²h=a	gí	’ë¹²h=a
ra	’ë¹²h=a			ba	’yë¹²h=a	ar	’ë¹²h=a	rí	’yë¹²h=a	ga	’yë¹²h=a	bí	’ë¹²h=a
dádí	’ë¹²h=ka
gádí	’yë²h=a
an	’yë²h=a
xtá	’ë¹²h=ka
xtágí	’yë²h=a
xta	’yë¹²h=a
gụ	’ë¹²h=ka	gu	’ë¹²h=ka			gín	’ë¹²h=ka	dá	’ë²h=ka	dá	’ë²h=ka
gi	’yë¹²h=a	gu	’ë¹²h=a			gín	’yë²h=a	dí	’yë²h=a	dí	’yë²h=a
da	’yë¹²h=a	du	’ë¹²h=a			dín	’yë¹²h=a	dí	’yë¹²h=a	ká	’yë¹²h=a
gra	’ë¹²h=ka			gwadi	’ë¹²h=ka	gar	’ë¹²h=ka
gra	’ë¹²h=a			gwadi	’yë²h=a	gar	’ë¹²h=a
dra	’ë¹²h=a			da	’yë¹²h=a	dar	’ë¹²h=a
gadi	’ë¹²h=ka
gadi	’yë²h=a
dan	’yë²h=a


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dí	’o¹²h=ka	dú	’o²h=ka			dín	’o²h=ka	dá	’o²h=ka	dá	’o²h=ka
gí	’yo¹²h=a	gú	’o²h=a			gín	’o²h=a	gí	’yo²h=a	gí	’yo²h=a
bi	’yo¹²h=a	bú	’o²h=a			ín	’o²h=a	í	’yo¹²h=a	gá	’yo¹²h=a
drá	’o¹²h=ka			dá	’o²h=ka	dár	’o²h=ka	drá	’o²h=ka	dra	’o²h=ka	dí	’o²h=ka
grá	’o¹²h=a			gwá	’o²h=a	gár	’o²h=a	grí	’yo²h=a	grụ	’yo²h=a	gí	’o²h=a
ra	’o¹²h=a			ba	’o²h=a	ar	’o²h=a	rí	’yo¹²h=a	ga	’yo¹²h=a	bí	’o²h=a
dán	’o²h=ka
gán	’o²h=a
an	’o²h=a
xtá	’o¹²h=ka
xtágí	’yo¹²h=a
xta	’yo¹²h=a
gụ	’o¹²h=ka	gu	’o²h=ka			gín	’o²h=ka	dá	’o²h=ka	dá	’o²h=ka
gi	’yo¹²h=a	gu	’o²h=a			gín	’o²h=a	dí	’yo²h=a	dí	’yo²h=a
da	’yo¹²h=a	du	’o²h=a			dín	’o²h=a	dí	’yo¹²h=a	ká	’yo¹²h=a
gra	’o¹²h=ka			gwa	’o²h=ka	gar	’o²h=ka
gra	’o¹²h=a			gwa	’o²h=a	gar	’o²h=a
dra	’o¹²h=a			da	’o²h=a	dar	’o²h=a
gan	’o²h=ka
gan	’o²h=a
dan	’o²h=a

Finally, some verbs of Class II have a nasal prefix in certain cells involving the 3rd person. The relevant verbs are indicated in the database.


Realis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	PROSP	1st
		2nd
		3rd
Irrealis	CPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	INCPL	1st
		2nd
		3rd
	HAB	1st
		2nd
		3rd

BASIC		EXLOC		CISLOC		TRANSLOC		MANN		ADV		LOC
dídí	’yo¹²=ga	dú	’yo¹²=ga			dín	’yo¹²=ga	dádí	’yo¹²=ga	dádí	’yo¹²=ga
gídí	’yo¹²	gú	’yo¹²			gín	’yo¹²	gádí	’yo¹²	gádí	’yo¹²
bi	n-tx’o¹²	bú	’yo¹²			ín	’yo¹²	á	’yo¹²	gá	’yo¹²
drá	’yo¹²=ga			dá	’yo¹²=ga	dár	’yo²=ga	drádí	’yo¹²=ga	dradi	’yo¹²=ga	dí	’yo²=ga
grá	’yo¹²			gwá	’yo¹²	gár	’yo²	grádí	’yo¹²	gradi	’yo¹²	gí	’yo²
ra	’yo¹²			ba	’yo¹²	ar	’yo²	rá	’yo¹²	ga	’yo¹²	bí	’yo²
dán	’yo²=ga
gán	’yo²
an	’yo²
xtá	’yo¹²=ga
xtágí	’yo¹²
xtagi	n-tx’o¹²
gidi	’yo¹²=ga	gu	’yo¹²=ga			gín	’yo¹²=ga	dádí	’yo¹²=ga	dádí	’yo¹²=ga
gidi	’yo¹²	gu	’yo¹²			gín	’yo¹²	dádí	’yo¹²	dádí	’yo¹²
di	n-tx’o¹²	du	’yo¹²			dín	’yo¹²	dá	’yo¹²	ká	’yo¹²
gra	’yo¹²=ga			gwa	’yo¹²=ga	gar	’yo²=ga
gra	’yo¹²			gwa	’yo¹²	gar	’yo²
dra	’yo¹²			da	’yo¹²	dar	’yo²
gan	’yo²=ga
gan	’yo²
dan	’yo²